| Roger Zelazny | |
|---|---|
 Roger Zelazny in Paris, 1988 | |
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Born |
Roger Joseph Zelazny; May 13, 1937; Euclid, Ohio, U.S. |
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Died |
June 14, 1995 (aged 58); Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S. |
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Pen name |
Harrison Denmark |
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Occupation |
Author |
|
Nationality |
American |
|
Genres |
Fantasy, science-fiction |
|
Literary movement |
New Wave (although he denounced the term himself) |
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Notable work(s) |
Lord of Light, The Chronicles of Amber, Isle of the Dead, The Doors of His Face, The Lamps of His Mouth, and Other Stories, Doorways in the Sand, Eye of Cat, Unicorn Variations, A Night in the Lonesome October |
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Influenced |
• Neil Gaiman, Walter Jon Williams, David A. Hargrave, Samuel R. Delany, Steven Erikson, Joe Haldeman, Steven Brust, Jane Lindskold, Harlan Ellison, Robert Silverberg, George R. R. Martin |
Roger Joseph Zelazny (May 13, 1937 – June 14, 1995) was an American writer of fantasy and science fiction short stories and novels, best known for his The Chronicles of Amber series. He won the Nebula award three times (out of 14 nominations) and the Hugo award six times (also out of 14 nominations), including two Hugos for novels: the serialized novel ...And Call Me Conrad (1965; subsequently published under the title This Immortal, 1966) and then the novel Lord of Light (1967).
The ostracod Sclerocypris zelaznyi was named after him.[1]
Biography[]
Roger Zelazny was born in Euclid, Ohio, the only child of Polish immigrant Joseph Frank Zelazny and Irish-American Josephine Flora Sweet. In high school, he became the editor of the school newspaper and joined the Creative Writing Club.[2] In the fall of 1955, he began attending Western Reserve University and graduated with a B.A. in English in 1959.[2] He was accepted to Columbia University in New York and specialized in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama, graduating with an M.A. in 1962.[2] His M.A. thesis was entitled Two traditions and Cyril Tourneur: an examination of morality and humor comedy conventions in The Revenger's Tragedy. Between 1962 and 1969 he worked for the U.S. Social Security Administration in Cleveland, Ohio and then in Baltimore, Maryland spending his evenings writing science fiction.[2][3] He deliberately progressed from short-shorts to novelettes to novellas and finally to novel-length works by 1965.[2] On May 1, 1969, he quit to become a full-time writer, and thereafter concentrated on writing novels in order to maintain his income.[3] During this period, he was an active and vocal member of the Baltimore Science Fiction Society, whose members included writers Jack Chalker and Joe and Jack Haldeman among others.
Zelazny was married twice, first to Sharon Steberl in 1964 (divorced, no children), and then to Judith Alene Callahan in 1966 (he had also been engaged to folk singer Hedy West for six months in 1961/62[2]). Roger and Judy had two sons, Devin and Trent (an author of crime fiction) and a daughter, Shannon. At the time of his death, Roger and Judy were separated and he was living with author Jane Lindskold.[4]
His first fanzine appearance was part one of the story "Conditional Benefit" (Thurban 1 #3, 1953) and his first professional publication and sale was the fantasy short story "Mr. Fuller's Revolt" (Literary Calvalcade, 1954).[2] As a professional writer, his debut works were the simultaneous publication of "Passion Play" (Amazing, August 1962) and "Horseman!" (Fantastic, August 1962).[2] "Passion Play" was written and sold first.[2] His first story to attract major attention was "A Rose for Ecclesiastes", published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, with cover art by Hannes Bok.
Roger Zelazny was also a member of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America (SAGA), a loose-knit group of Heroic Fantasy authors founded in the 1960s, some of whose works were anthologized in Lin Carter's Flashing Swords! anthologies.
Raised as a Catholic by his parents,[2] Zelazny later declared himself a lapsed Catholic and remained that way for the rest of his life.[3] "I did have a strong Catholic background, but I am not a Catholic. Somewhere in the past, I believe I answered in the affirmative once for strange and complicated reasons. But I am not a member of any organized religion."[3]
Zelazny died in 1995, aged 58, of kidney failure secondary to colorectal cancer.[4] Other sources have incorrectly indicated lung cancer.[5]
Characteristic themes[]
In his stories, Roger Zelazny frequently portrayed familiar-seeming worlds with plausible magic systems and/or casually supernatural beings. His novels and short stories often involve characters from myth, depicted in the modern world. Zelazny was also apt to include numerous anachronistic present-day elements, such as cigarette-smoking (see below) and references to various drama classics into his fantasy and science-fiction works. His crisp, minimalistic dialogue also seems to be somewhat influenced by the style of wisecracking hardboiled crime authors, such as Raymond Chandler or Dashiell Hammett. The tension between the ancient and the modern, surreal and familiar was what drove most of his work.
A very frequent motif in Zelazny's work is immortality or people who (have) become gods. The mythological traditions his fiction borrowed from include:
- Classical Greek mythology, in ...And Call Me Conrad
- Christian mythology, in the novelette A Rose for Ecclesiastes
- Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos (on a more humorous note) in A Night in the Lonesome October
Additionally, elements from Norse, Japanese and Irish mythology, Arthurian legend as well as several references to real history appear in his magnum opus, The Chronicles of Amber.
Aside from working with mythological themes, the most common recurring motif of Zelazny's is the "absent father" (or father-figure). Again, this occurs most notably in the Amber novels: in the first Amber series, the main protagonist Corwin searches for his lost, god-like father Oberon; while in the second series, which focuses on Corwin's son Merlin (not to be confused with the Arthurian Merlin!), it is Corwin himself who is strangely missing. This somewhat Freudian theme runs through almost every Zelazny novel to a smaller or larger degree. Roadmarks, Doorways in the Sand, Changeling, Madwand, A Dark Traveling; the short stories "Dismal Light", "Godson", "The Keys to December"; and the Alien Speedway series all feature main characters who are either searching for or have lost their fathers. Zelazny’s father, Joseph, died unexpectedly in 1962 and never knew his son’s successes as a writer; this event may have triggered Zelazny's unconscious and frequent use of the absent father motif.[6]
Two other personal characteristics that influenced his fiction were his expertise in martial arts and his addiction to tobacco. Zelazny became expert with the épée in college, and thus began a life-long study of several different martial arts, including Karate, Judo, Aikido (which he later taught as well, having gained a black belt), T'ai Chi, Tae Kwon Do, Hapkido, Hsing I, and Pa Kua. In turn, many of his characters ably and knowledgeably use similar skills whilst dispatching their opponents. Zelazny was also a passionate cigarette and pipe smoker (until he quit in the early '80s), so much so, that he made many of his protagonists heavy smokers as well. However, he quit in order to improve his cardiovascular fitness for the martial arts; once he had quit, characters in his later novels and short stories stopped smoking too.[3]
Another characteristic of Zelazny's writing is that many of his protagonists had sufficient familiarity with other languages to be able to quote French, German, Italian or Latin aphorisms when the occasion seemed appropriate (or even inappropriate), although Zelazny himself did not speak any of those languages.
He also often experimented with form in his stories. The novel Doorways in the Sand practices a flashback technique in which most chapters open with a scene, typically involving peril, not implied by the end of the previous chapter. Once the scene is established, the narrator backtracks to the events leading up to it, then follows through to the end of the chapter, whereupon the next chapter jumps ahead to another dramatic non-sequitur.
In Roadmarks, a novel about a road system that links all possible times, places and histories, the chapters that feature the main protagonist are all titled "One". Other chapters, titled "Two", feature secondary characters, including original characters, pulp heroes, and real historical characters. The "One" storyline is fairly linear, whereas the "Two" storyline jumps around in time and sequence. After finishing the manuscript, Zelazny shuffled the "Two" chapters randomly among the "One" chapters in order to emphasize their non-linear nature relative to the storyline.[7]
Creatures of Light and Darkness, featuring characters in the personae of Egyptian gods, uses a narrative voice entirely in the present tense; the final chapter is structured as a play, and several chapters take the form of long poems.
Zelazny also tended to write a short fragment, not intended for publication, as a kind of backstory for a major character, as a way of giving that character a life independent of the particular novel being worked on. At least one "fragment" was published, the short story Dismal Light, originally a backstory for Isle of the Dead's Francis Sandow. Sandow himself figures little in Dismal Light, the main character being his son, who is delaying his escape from an unstable star system in order to force his distant father to come in and ask him personally. While Isle of the Dead has Sandow living a life of irresponsible luxury as an escape from his personal demons, "Dismal Light" anchors his character as one who will face up to his responsibilities, however reluctantly.
Another common stylistic approach in his novels is the use of mixed genres, whereby elements of each are combined freely and interchangeably. Jack of Shadows and Changeling, for example, revolve around the tensions between the two worlds of magic and technology. Lord of Light, perhaps one of his most famous works, is written in the classic style of a mythic fantasy, while it is established early in the book that the story itself takes place on a colonized planet.[8]
Many of Zelazny's works explore variations upon the idea that if there exists an infinite number of worlds, then every world that can be imagined must exist, somewhere. Powerful beings in many of his stories have the ability to travel to worlds that possess precisely the characteristics which that being wishes to experience. (Zelazny characters with this ability include Thoth in Creatures of Light and Darkness, who teleports to these worlds; those with the royal blood of either Amber or Chaos in The Chronicles of Amber, who "move through shadows" to reach these worlds; and Red Dorakeen in Roadmarks, who reaches these worlds by driving along a magical highway.) Many of these same characters wonder whether they are creating these special places anew, or are merely finding places which already exist (very much like "the problem of universals" in classical metaphysics). Usually each character who ponders this ultimately decides that the question is purely academic and therefore unanswerable.
Published works[]
Zelazny is probably best known for the The Chronicles of Amber, although his earlier works won greater critical acclaim.
Amber[]
Main article: The Chronicles of Amber
The Chronicles of Amber comprise two distinct series of five novels and several short stories.
The first five books describe the adventures of Prince Corwin of Amber:
- 1972 The Guns of Avalon
- 1975 Sign of the Unicorn
- 1976 The Hand of Oberon
- 1978 The Courts of Chaos
The second series tells the story of Corwin's son Merlin (Merle), a wizard and computer expert. These volumes are:
- 1985 Trumps of Doom - Locus Fantasy Award winner, 1986[9]
- 1986 Blood of Amber - Locus Fantasy Award nominee, 1987[10]
- 1987 Sign of Chaos - Locus Fantasy Award nominee, 1988[11]
- 1989 Knight of Shadows
- 1991 Prince of Chaos
Zelazny also wrote seven short stories set in the Amber multiverse. Here they are listed in Zelazny's intended order,[4] with first publication dates.
- 2005 "A Secret of Amber" [story fragment co-written with Ed Greenwood between 1977 and 1992,[4] published in Amberzine #12-15]
- 1985 "Prolog to Trumps of Doom"
- 1994 "The Salesman's Tale"
- 1995 "Blue Horse, Dancing Mountains"
- 1994 "The Shroudling and The Guisel"
- 1995 "Coming to a Cord"
- 1996 "Hall of Mirrors"
The latter five of these stories form one tale set after Prince of Chaos, the last novel, so they are latest in Amber history.
All 10 novels have been published in a single omnibus form as The Great Book of Amber and six of the seven short stories were collected in Manna from Heaven. A sex scene deleted from The Guns of Avalon has been published in Collected Stories, volume 3,[12] while the seven Amber short tales appear in volumes 6.
Zelazny collaborated on a companion book, The Visual Guide to Castle Amber (1988), by Zelazny and Neil Randall, illustrated by Todd Cameron Hamilton and James Clouse.[13] The Guide is a reference work providing biographical detail on the Amber characters and a walk-through guide to Castle Amber itself.
John Betancourt has written a series of novels set in the Amber multiverse set several centuries before Nine Princes in Amber. Betancourt's series tells the story of Corwin's father Oberon, a wizard and shapeshifter. That the Zelazny estate authorized the series has caused some controversy; see The Chronicles of Amber for more details.
An interactive fiction computer game based on Nine Princes in Amber was released by Telarium in 1987. The Amber novels also inspired a unique role-playing game, lacking any random element: Amber Diceless Roleplaying, published by Phage Press.
Other novels and short novels[]
- This Immortal (1966) (initially serialized in abridged form in 1965 as ...And Call Me Conrad, the author's preferred title) - Hugo Award winner, 1966[14]
- The Dream Master (1966) (an expansion of the novella "He Who Shapes" (1965) which was reprinted in Science Fiction Origins (1980), ISBN 0-445-04626-0; the film Dreamscape began from Zelazny's outline which he based on "He Who Shapes"/The Dream Master, but he was not involved in the film after they bought the outline.)[7]
- Lord of Light (1967) - Nebula Award nominee, 1967;[15] Hugo Award winner, 1968[16]
- Isle of the Dead (1969) - Nebula Award nominee, 1969[17]
- Damnation Alley (1969) (on which a film of the same name was based)
- Jack of Shadows (1971) - Hugo and Locus SF Awards nominee, 1972[18]
- Today We Choose Faces (1973)
- To Die in Italbar (1973) (cameo appearance by Francis Sandow from Isle of the Dead)
- Doorways in the Sand (1976) - Nebula Award nominee, 1975;[19] Hugo Award nominee, 1976[20]
- Bridge of Ashes (1976)
- My Name is Legion (1976) (considered a fix-up novel in three parts, or a collection of 3 stories)
- Roadmarks (1979)
- Changeling (1980) - Locus Fantasy Award nominee, 1981[21]
- Madwand (1981) (a sequel to Changeling)
- The Changing Land (1981) - Locus Fantasy Award 1982[22]
- Dilvish, the Damned (1982) (a "fix-up" novel or short story collection that precedes events in The Changing Land)
- Eye of Cat (1982)
- A Dark Traveling (1987)
- Wizard World (1989) (omnibus containing Changeling and Madwand)
- Here There Be Dragons (1992) (written 1968/69 and illustrated by Vaughn Bodé; delayed publication until 1992)
- Way Up High (1992) (written 1968/69 and illustrated by Vaughn Bodé; delayed publication until 1992)
- A Night in the Lonesome October (1993) (illustrated by Gahan Wilson) - Nebula Award nominee, 1994[23]
- The Dead Man's Brother (2009) (mystery/thriller novel completed in 1971, finally published in 2009)
Collaborations[]
- Deus Irae (1976) (with Philip K. Dick)
- Coils (1982) (with Fred Saberhagen):
- The Black Throne (1990) (with Fred Saberhagen):
- The Mask of Loki (1990) (with Thomas T. Thomas)
- A Farce to Be Reckoned With (1995)
- Flare (1992) (with Thomas T. Thomas)
- Wilderness (1994) (with Gerald Hausman)
- Psychoshop (1998) with Alfred Bester (This novel was completed in 1995 by Zelazny. Bester's manuscript The Psycho Hockshop stopped mid-sentence on manuscript page 92 (approximately 30-40 pages of the final book), and several pages of manuscript prior to page 92 were also missing.)[4]
Posthumous collaborations[]
Two books begun by Zelazny were completed by companion and novelist Jane Lindskold after Zelazny's death:
- Donnerjack (1997)
- Lord Demon (1999)
The adventure game Chronomaster (developed by DreamForge Intertainment, published by IntraCorp in 1996) was designed by Zelazny and Jane Lindskold (who also finished it after his death).
Collections[]
- Four for Tomorrow (1967)
- A Rose for Ecclesiastes (1969) (the UK hardcover title of Four for Tomorrow)
- My Name is Legion (1976)
- The Illustrated Roger Zelazny (1978) (contents of hardcover and paperback differ)
- The Last Defender of Camelot (1980, Pocket Books and SFBC)
- The Last Defender of Camelot (1981, Underwood-Miller) (contains 4 stories not in the Pocket Books version)
- Alternities #6 (1981) (Special issue devoted entirely to Zelazny, contains rare stories and poems)
- Dilvish, the Damned (1982)
- Unicorn Variations (1983)
- Frost & Fire (1989)
- The Graveyard Heart/Elegy for Angels and Dogs (1992) (with Walter Jon Williams, featuring a sequel to Zelazny's story by Williams
- Gone to Earth / Author's Choice Monthly #27 (Pulphouse, 1992)
- The Last Defender of Camelot (ibooks, 2002) (Collection has the same name as earlier collection, but different contents.)
- Manna from Heaven (2003)
- The Doors of His Face, The Lamps of His Mouth, and Other Stories (ibooks, 2005) (adds two stories from Four for Tomorrow)
- The Collected Stories of Roger Zelazny (NESFA Press, 2009) [24]
- Volume 1: Threshold
- Volume 2: Power & Light
- Volume 3: This Mortal Mountain
- Volume 4: Last Exit to Babylon
- Volume 5: Nine Black Doves
- Volume 6: The Road to Amber
Poetry collections[]
- Poems (1974)
- To Spin is Miracle Cat (1981)
- Hymn to the Sun: An Imitation (1996, assembled by Zelazny but released after his death)
- Collected Stories[24] contains all of his known poetry including previously unpublished works.
Chapbooks[]
- Poems (1974)
- For a Breath I Tarry (Underwood-Miller, 1980)
- A Rhapsody in Amber (Cheap Street, 1981)
- The Last Defender of Camelot (Underwood-Miller, 1981) (just the story)
- The Bands of Titan / A Freas Sampler / A Dream of Passion (Ad Astra, 1986)
- The Doors of His Face, The Lamps of His Mouth (Pulphouse, 1991) (just the story; paperback and hardcover editions)
- And the Darkness is Harsh (Pretentious Press, 1994)
- The Last Defender of Camelot (Subterranean, 2003) (Zelazny's story plus George R. R. Martin's teleplay for Twilight Zone)
Anthologies edited by Zelazny[]
- Thurban 1, issue #3, 1953 (Zelazny was assistant editor; part one of Zelazny's short story "Conditional Benefit" appeared here)
- Senior Scandals (Euclid Senior High, 1955) (co-edited by Zelazny and Carl Yoke)
- Nebula Award Stories Three (Doubleday, 1968)
- Nozdrovia #1, 1968 (co-edited with Richard Patt)
- Forever After (Baen, 1995)
- Warriors of Blood and Dream (AvoNova, 1995)
- Wheel of Fortune (AvoNova, 1995)
- The Williamson Effect (Tor, 1996)
Zelazny was also a contributor to the Wild Cards shared world anthology series (edited by George R. R. Martin), following the exploits of his character Croyd Crenson, the Sleeper.
Zelazny created the Alien Speedway series of novels (Clypsis by Jeffrey A. Carver, Pitfall and The Web by Thomas Wylde) which appeared between 1986-87. His own story "Deadboy Donner and the Filstone Cup" appears to have been inspired by the outline that he wrote for Alien Speedway.
Zelazny created and edited a shared world anthology called Forever After. The frame story uses preludes, written by Roger, to connect the stories. This shared world involved stories by Robert Asprin, David Drake, Jane Lindskold, and Michael A. Stackpole. Forever After was published by Baen Books posthumously.
Following Zelazny's death, a tribute anthology entitled Lord of the Fantastic was released. This featured stories inspired by Zelazny, and personal recollections by contributors such as Robert Silverberg, Fred Saberhagen, Jennifer Roberson, Walter Jon Williams, Gregory Benford and many others.
Awards[]
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Roger Zelazny in 2010.[25]
Worldcon Guest of Honor, Discon II, Washington, DC, 1974.[3]
Inkpot Award, Best Prose Author, Comic-Con International, 1993.[4]
He won at least 16 awards for particular works of fiction: 6 Hugo Awards, 3 Nebula Awards, 2 Locus Awards, 1 Prix Tour-Apollo Award, 2 Seiun Awards, and 2 Balrog Awards - very often Zelazny's works competed with each other for the same award.[26]
- ...And Call Me Conrad (published in book form as This Immortal) won the 1966 Hugo Award (novel), a tie with Dune by Frank Herbert.[14]
- "The Doors of His Face, the Lamps of His Mouth" won the 1966 Nebula Award (novelette).
- "He Who Shapes" tied for the 1966 Nebula Award (novella)
- Lord of Light won the 1968 Hugo Award (novel).[16]
- Isle of the Dead won the 1972 Prix Tour-Apollo Award (novel).
- This Immortal won the 1976 Seiun Award (foreign novel).
- "Home Is the Hangman" won both the 1976 Hugo Award and the 1976 Nebula Award (novella).
- "The Last Defender of Camelot" won the 1980 Balrog Award (short fiction).
- "Unicorn Variation" won the 1982 Hugo Award (novelette) and the 1984 Seiun Award (foreign short fiction).
- Unicorn Variations won the 1984 Locus Award (collection) and the 1984 Balrog Award (collection/anthology).
- "24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai" won the 1986 Hugo Award (novella).
- Trumps of Doom won the 1986 Locus Award (fantasy novel).[9]
- "Permafrost" won the 1987 Hugo Award (novelette).
“A Rose for Ecclesiastes” included in Visions of Mars: First Library on Mars, DVD on board Phoenix' Mars Lander, 2008.[4]